Growth Strategies Adopted by Major Players in the Antibacterial Market

The global antibacterial market in agriculture is projected to reach USD 11.89 Billion by 2022, at a CAGR of 4.6% during the forecast period. The market growth is driven by multiple factors such as the rise in the need for food security for the growing population, advancement in farming practices and technologies, and ease of application of antibacterial in agriculture. The antibacterial market is further driven by factors such as the increase in demand for fruits & vegetables, increase in acceptance for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) by farmers, and high opportunities in developing countries.

The objectives of the report are as follows:

• To define, segment, and measure the antibacterial market based on type, crop type, mode of application, form, and region
• To provide detailed information regarding the crucial factors influencing the growth of the market (drivers, restraints, opportunities, industry-specific challenges, and burning issues)
• To analyze opportunities in the market for stakeholders and details of the competitive landscape for market leaders
• To analyze competitive developments such as new product launches, acquisitions, investments, expansions, partnerships, agreements, joint ventures, and collaborations in the agricultural bactericides market
• Analyzing the demand-side factors based on the impact of macro and microeconomic factors on the market and shifts in demand patterns across different subsegments and regions

Download PDF Brochure:

https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/pdfdownloadNew.asp?id=48939047

Significant growth expected in the dithiocarbamate segment

Antibacterials in agriculture are highly used to control bacterial disease by specifically inhibiting or killing the bacterial causing the disease. They can be mixed with water, and hence easily applied through foliar spray, soil treatment. The ease in application mode has made these antibacterial products more convenient to use for the farmers. Dithiocarbamate are projected to be the fastest-growing types in the next six years.

The cereals & grains segment projected to be the fastest-growing market during the forecast period

Cereals & grains dominated the antibacterial market in agriculture in 2015; it is projected to grow at the highest CAGR of from 2016 to 2022. Rise in demand for cereals & grains, owing to the increased awareness regarding their nutritional benefits is driving the cereals & grains segment.

With a global increase in consumption of fruits & vegetables and growth in demand for tropical and exotic fruits & vegetables in the developing countries, this segment is likely to witness a growth by 2022.

Request for Customization:

https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/requestCustomizationNew.asp?id=48939047

Increase in need for food security, high investment in R&D, and change in farming practices key to success in the European region

Europe is one of the largest contributors to the global antibacterial market in agriculture due to the increase in use of antibacterial products through advanced agricultural techniques and rise in need for food security in the European countries. Italy and France constituted the largest country-level markets in the European region in 2015. High market penetration by the leading antibacterial companies, for enhancing the agricultural growth and productivity, and the decrease in arable land are the main factors influencing the growth of the antibacterial market in agriculture in Europe.

This report includes a study of marketing and development strategies, along with the product portfolio of leading companies. These companies include BASF SE (Germany), Dow AgroSciences LLC (U.S.), Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd (Japan), and Bayer CropScience AG (Germany); these are well-established and financially stable players that have been operating in the industry for several years. Other players include Syngenta AG (Switzerland), Nippon Soda Co. Ltd. (Japan), and Nufarm Ltd. (Australia).

Sustainable Growth Opportunities in the Starter Feed Market

The report “Starter Feed Market by Type (Medicated and Non-medicated), Ingredient (Wheat, Corn, Soybean, Oats, and Barley), Livestock (Ruminants, Swine, Poultry, Aquatic, and Equine), Form (Pellets and Crumbles), and Region – Global Forecast Up to 2022″, The global market for starter feed was valued at USD 21.45 Billion in 2015; this is projected to grow at a CAGR of 4.57% from 2016, to reach USD 29.15 Billion by 2022. The market is driven by factors such as the need to increase livestock production to cater to the growing demand for animal sourced products, and adoption of precision nutrition techniques.

Based on type, the global market is segmented into medicated and non-medicated. The medicated was the larger segment in 2015. The medicated starter feed segment is also projected to grow at a comparatively higher CAGR during the forecast period.

Download PDF Brochure:

https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/pdfdownloadNew.asp?id=203095826

The inclusion of oats in starter feed, based on ingredients, is projected to grow at a significant rate during the forecast period. Oats are easier to feed to animals than other cereals; they are mainly used in poultry feed of their high fiber and beta-glucan content. This is to drive the oats segment during the forecast period.

Based on livestock, the poultry segment was the largest in 2015; this is also to grow at the highest CAGR from 2016 to 2022. The poultry starter feed is a balanced nutritional formulation and helps poultry to establish a healthy appetite at the initial stage of growth. It also contains coccidiostat, which helps in the treatment of coccidiosis in young chicks. These factors drive the poultry starter feed market.

Based on form, the pellet segment was the largest in 2015; this is also projected to grow at the highest CAGR from 2016 to 2022. It is easy to feed to the animals, easy to store, and is the most common preference by the chicken farmers and triggers early feed intake.

Request for Customization:

https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/requestCustomizationNew.asp?id=203095826

The Asia-Pacific market is projected to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period. The region is heterogeneous, with diversity in income levels, technology, and demand for better quality feed to livestock, leading to enhanced scope for future growth.

This report includes a study of marketing and development strategies, along with the product portfolio of leading companies such as Cargill, Incorporated (U.S.), BASF SE (Germany), Archer Daniels Midland Company (U.S.), Evonik Industries AG (Germany), and Koninklijke DSM NV (Netherlands).

Upcoming Growth Trends in the Food grade Alcohol Market

The report "Food-grade Alcohol Market by Type (Ethanol, Polyols), Application (Food, Beverages, Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals), Source (Sugarcane & Molasses, Grains, Fruits), Functionality, and Region - Global Forecast to 2022", The food-grade alcohol market is projected to reach USD 12.86 Billion by 2022, at a CAGR of 3.9% from 2017 to 2022. The market is driven increasing global beer production and popularity of craft beer. Also, the increasing consumption of alcoholic beverages in the developing regions supported with the expansion of potential export markets due to demographic and economic reasons, have developed a growing platform for increased alcohol trade which is in turn driving the food-grade alcohol market.

Download PDF Brochure: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/pdfdownloadNew.asp?id=8581594

Based on type, the market has been segmented into Polyols and Ethanol. Ethanol accounted for the largest share in Europe’s food grade alcohol market in 2015. While proven health benefits of polyols have resulted in an increase in their use as an ingredient in the health care industry, the increase in production of beer and growth in alcohol trade has resulted in the increased use of ethanol as a major food grade alcohol in the beverage industry. There has also been a surge in the use of ethanol as a preservative in the food industry for increasing the shelf-life of the end products.

Based on application, food grade alcohol is used as a coloring and flavoring agent in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The proven benefits of polyols have resulted in the increase in the usage of food grade alcohol as an ingredient in the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries. As an excellent solvent, ethanol finds its usage in the manufacturing of antibiotics, tablets, pills, vitamins, and in a variety of medicines.

Based on source, sugarcane accounted for the largest market share in 2015. Sugarcane contains high levels of sucrose; and hence, it is fermented to make alcohol. Low product price associated with raw sugar in the global market has led to the increased use of sugarcane in the production of ethanol.

Make an Inquiry:

https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Enquiry_Before_BuyingNew.asp?id=8581594

Food-grade alcohol is used not only for manufacturing alcoholic beverages but also for food and healthcare & pharmaceutical products. Hence, as the demand for these consumables increases from end users, manufacturers use food-grade alcohol for making innovative food products. Europe has adopted the usage of food-grade alcohol in food, beverages, and pharma applications. The Asia-Pacific region is estimated to drive the market with the increase in demand for food-grade alcohol. The increase in consumption of alcoholic beverages and convenience food products are significantly impacting the growth of the market in this region, with the growing food-processing industry.

This report includes a study of marketing and development strategies, along with the product portfolio of key players. It includes the profiles of leading companies such as Archer Daniels Midland Company (U.S.), Cargill Inc. (U.S.), MGP Ingredients (U.S.) Sigma-Aldrich (U.S.), and Roquette Freres S.A. (France).

Lactase Market to Witness Unprecedented Growth in Coming Years

According to MarketsandMarkets, the lactase market is estimated to be valued at USD 217 million in 2020 and is projected to reach USD 298 million by 2025, recording a CAGR of 6.5 %, in terms of value. Factors such as rising cases of lactose-intolerant and growing demand from lactose-free dairy product manufacturers and increasing innovation and new product development in the application areas are projected to drive the growth of the lactase industry during the forecast period. However, the growth of the market is inhibited by factors, such as shifting preferences toward dairy-free alternatives and high processing cost and lack of technical expertise for lactase extraction.

Opportunities: Research & development and new sources of lactase extraction

Lactase is usually extracted from yeast. However, an extensive research & development is going on regarding the other sources of lactase enzymes, such as bacteria and fungi. Lactase enzymes extracted from bacterial sources have been used for lactose hydrolysis because of numerous benefits, such as their ease of fermentation, high activity, and the stability of the enzyme. Lactase enzymes sourced from a probiotic organism are used for food and food systems. Fungal sources of lactase enzymes possess optimal acidic pH range of 2.2 to 5.4. Owing to this, lactase sourced from fungi are more effective for the hydrolysis of lactose found in acidic substances, such as whey. These fungi-based enzymes are highly stable enzymes. The increasing research & developments about various sources of lactase enzymes gives opportunity to the lactase enzyme market to grow in the period forecasted.

Download PDF Brochure: 
https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/pdfdownloadNew.asp?id=125332780

Challenges: High processing cost and lack of technical expertise for lactase extraction

Small & medium-sized enterprises have efficient cost management due to limited capital and resources. Many quality and productivity improvement techniques are generally not finding a place in SMEs (small-and medium-sized enterprises) due to the lack of knowledge and resources to implement the same. However, the high costs involved in adapting to new technologies, production, and extraction procedures have restricted SMEs from improving their operations. Moreover, the process of lactase extraction requires technical expertise and abundant knowledge, which is majorly not present with the SMEs. Thus, extraction of lactase enzymes with fully equipped knowledge and expertise is among the major challenges for the lactase enzyme market.

By form, liquid segment is projected to be the fastest growing segment in the lactase market during the forecast period

The liquid form of enzymes is generally less stable than the solid form, although it may have higher activity and better functionality than the powder form. It is directly used in the liquid form or sprayed and absorbed on a solid carrier. Among all applications, the liquid form of lactase enzyme is widely used in the food & beverage industry and pharmaceutical applications for products, such as syrups. Liquid lactase enzyme accelerates chemical, biological, and metabolic reactions by altering a reaction's efficiency and results in making the pharmaceutical product more efficient for human use.

The North America region dominated the lactase market with the largest share in 2019, whereas Asia-Pacific is expected to witness the highest growth rate.

The lactase market in North America is dominant due to the growing demand for different types of lactose-free products such as drinkable yogurt, ice-cream, and flavored milk. Increasing awareness about lactose intolerance among consumers and growing inclination towards health promoting dietary supplements are the key factors that are projected to drive the growth of the market in the North American region.

Speak to Analyst:
https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/speaktoanalystNew.asp?id=125332780

The fastest growing market is Asia-Pacific for lactase. The increase in awareness and self-diagnosis among lactose intolerant population, also growing consumption of lactose-free products offers potential growth for the lactase manufactures in the region. The increase in health concerns and the growing trend of opting for reduced added sugar/no added sugar claims have created growth opportunities for lactase in the region. Major players such as Valio Ltd. (Finland), expanded its production facility in China to cater lactose-free products for lactose intolerant population.

This report includes a study on the marketing and development strategies, along with the product portfolios of leading companies. It consists of profiles of leading companies, such as Chr. Hansen Holdings A/S (Denmark), Kerry Group (Ireland), Koninklijke DSM N.V (the Netherlands), Novozymes (Denmark), Merck KGaA (Germany), DuPont (US), Senson (Finland), Amano Enzyme (Japan), Advanced Enzyme Technologies (India), Enmex (Mexico), Antozyme Biotech Pvt. Ltd. (US), Nature Bioscience Pvt. Ltd. (India), Aumgene Biosciences (India), Creative Enzymes (US), Biolaxi Corporation (India), Novact Corporation (US), Enzyme Bioscience (India), Infinita Biotech Private Limited (India), Rajvi Enterprise (India), and Mitushi Biopharma (India).

Sustainable Growth Opportunities in the Agricultural Adjuvants Market

The global agricultural adjuvants market size is estimated to account for a value of USD 3.1 billion in 2020 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.1% from 2020, to reach a value of USD 4.4 billion by 2026. The increasing need for green adjuvants, improving efficiency, and effectiveness of agrochemicals are some of the factors driving the growth of the market. 

COVID-19 Impact on the Global Agricultural Adjuvants Market

The FAO has acknowledged that the spread of COVID- 19 pandemic is subsiding in a few countries and regions of the world. Still, it is also resurging or spreading quickly in some other countries such as Korea, Brazil, and India. This outbreak has affected significant elements of both food supply and demand. Border closures, quarantines, market supply chains, and trade disruptions have restricted people’s access to sufficient and nutritious sources of food, especially in countries hit hard by the virus. However, as the governments on a global level shut down borders and economies for restricting the spread of the coronavirus, the businesses observed major impacts on their international trades. Many markets are focusing on fulfilling their requirements for fertilizers, pesticides, and adjuvants by domestic companies.

Download PDF Brochure: 
https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/pdfdownloadNew.asp?id=1240

Opportunity: Manufacturing adjuvant products for cost-effectiveness

The cost of adjuvants fluctuates and depends mainly on the prices of petroleum and vegetable oil that are used for agricultural adjuvant production. As the application costs of different single-purpose adjuvants during pesticide application prove to be expensive for growers, applicators are looking for adjuvants that are simple to use and multifunctional. The increased downstream cost, high foam formation during production, and low productivity have resulted in many R&D activities. Many new developments have been the area of focus for researchers; these include reducing the raw material costs, increasing the production yield, and developing new techniques to lower the foam formation.

Challenge: Impact on the production cost of farmers

The adoption of adjuvants further adds to the costs of seed and pesticides used for crop cultivation. Even though the adoption of adjuvants reduces the application cycles of pesticides, the cost of adjuvants could considerably affect the farm production cost to an extent. The cost again would depend on the stage at which the adjuvants are utilized, either as in-formulation or tank-mix adjuvants. The farmers’ profit margins get reduced due to the additional cost of adjuvants. However, with the increasing need to undertake sustainable measures to control pesticide drift and avoid creating environmental risks, farmers would adopt these adjuvants, which would, in turn, turn out to be cost burden, especially in developing countries.

By application, the herbicide segment is projected to dominate the market during the forecast period.

The herbicide segment is projected to hold the largest market share in the agricultural adjuvants market during the forecast period as according to industry experts from prominent seed manufacturers, disease resistance and herbicide tolerance are traits that have been on demand, owing to the increasing instances of early germination pest attacks and regulations against cop protection chemicals. Cereals & grains accounted for the largest consumption of herbicides in North America and Asia Pacific, owing to the high cultivation of corn and wheat in countries such as the US and China. 

Request for Customization:
https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/requestCustomizationNew.asp?id=1240

Asia Pacific is projected to grow at the highest CAGR% during the forecast period

The market for agricultural adjuvants in the Asia Pacific region is projected to grow at the highest CAGR from 2020 to 2026, owing to the increasing investments by key players in countries such as China, India, and Thailand, and also the rising adoption of adjuvant technology by the crop growers for insecticide applications. Due to these factors, the market in the Asia Pacific region is projected to record the highest growth from 2020 to 2026.

This report includes a study on the marketing and development strategies, along with a study on the product portfolios of the leading companies operating in the agricultural adjuvants market. It includes the profiles of leading companies such as this market include Miller Chemical and Fertilizer, LLC (US), Precision Laboratories (US), CHS Inc (US), WinField United (US), Kalo Inc. (US), Nouryon (Netherlands), Corteva (US), Evonik Industries (Germany), Nufarm (Australia), Croda International (UK), Solvay (Belgium), BASF (Germany), Huntsman Corporation (US), Clariant (US), Helena Agri-Enterprises (US), Stepan Company (US), Wilbur-Ellis Company (US), Brandt (US), Plant Health Technologies (US), Innvictis Crop Care (US), Interagro (UK), Lamberti S.P.A (US), Drexel Chemical Company (US), GarrCo Products Inc. (US), and Loveland Products Inc. (US).

Latest Regulatory Trends Impacting the Biofertilizers Market

The report "Biofertilizers Market by Form (Liquid, Carrier-Based), Mode of Application (Soil Treatment, Seed Treatment), Crop Type, Type (Nitrogen-Fixing, Phosphate Solubilizing & Mobilizing, Potash Solubilizing & Mobilizing), Region - Global Forecast to 2025" The biofertilizers market is projected to reach USD 3.9 billion by 2025, from USD 2.3 billion in 2020, recording a CAGR of 11.6% during the forecast period. Rising awareness about the hazards of chemical fertilizers among consumers, soil degradation, nitrate emissions, along with government initiatives, is projected to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The biofertilizers market includes domestic companies suppliers like Madras fertilizers Ltd, National Fertilizers company Ltd, Jaipur Biofertilizers and Varsha Biosciences Biotech Pvt Ltd. These suppliers have their manufacturing facilities mainly across single region. Though COVID-19 has impacted their businesses as well but there is no significant impact on the supply chain of their biofertilizers. Multiple manufacturing facilities of players are still in operation. Due to supply chain disruptions, labour shortage, closure of food outlets, the supply hasn’t been able to cross the regional and national borders. But due to the increasing demand for food, will increase the production area in the future, once the crisis comes to standstill. However, the demand for biofertilizers is yet to increase after government relaxations.

Download PDF Brochure: 
https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/pdfdownloadNew.asp?id=856

COVID-19 impact on Biofertilizers market

COVID-19 has impacted the businesses of biofertilizer companies up to some extent. Though this pandemic situation has impacted their businesses, there is no significant impact on the global operations and supply chain of their biofertilizers. Multiple manufacturing facilities of players are still in operation. The service providers are providing biofertizer products by following safety and sanitation measures.

Opportunity: New target markets: Asia Pacific & Africa

The Asia Pacific and African regions are the largest consumers of fertilizers. The increasing rate of population, especially in Asia, has resulted in the increasing demand for food, which would, in turn, lead to the increased consumption of fertilizers. However, the major concerns in this region are pollution and contamination of soil as well as their harmful effects on human beings. To combat the harmful effects of chemical fertilizers, governments in these regions are emphasizing on the use of environmental-friendly fertilizers, such as biofertilizers and organic manure.

Challenge: Lack of awareness & low adoption rate of biofertilizers

The lack of awareness in farmers about biofertilizers in underdeveloped and developing countries is creating a challenge for the biofertilizers market. They prefer using chemical fertilizers, as they are easy to handle. This can be attributed to a lack of training and information. Furthermore, the established nature of the chemical fertilizers market is also one of the reasons for the slow adoption of biofertilizers, as conventional fertilizer companies hold a wide range of product offerings and have a strong distribution network.

Higher consumption of biofertilizers for organic fruits & vegetables contributes to the growth of the biofertilizers market in this segment

Biofertilizers have proved to be useful in numerous ways, including improving the quality, shelf-life, and yield of fruits & vegetables. The increasing trend of consumer preferences for organic fruits & vegetables due to changing lifestyle and rising per capita income is the primary factor driving market growth. A rising trend in the cultivation of organic fruits & vegetables and those under IPM practices have also created a positive impact on the growth of the biofertilizers market.

Make an Inquiry:
https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Enquiry_Before_BuyingNew.asp?id=856

With the increasing demand for organic food products, North America is estimated to dominate the biofertilizers market in 2020

Changing lifestyle and increasing buying power among consumers has increased the demand for biofertilizers. High adoption of advanced irrigation systems such as drip & sprinkler irrigation and widespread acceptance of biofertilizers among the farmers is further propelling the market growth. The farmers in this region are highly skilled in terms of knowledge and machinery. Due to the rampant use of chemical fertilizers, the fertility of the soil is declining. To maintain soil fertility as well as the yield of crops, farmers are sustainably opting for biofertilizers.

This report includes a study of the development strategies of leading companies. The scope of this report consists of a detailed study of biofertilizer manufacturers such as Novozymes (Denmark), Kiwa-Biotech (China), Rizobacter Argentina S.A (Argentina), Lallemand Inc. (Canada) and Symborg (Spain).

Nematicides Market: Growth Opportunities and Recent Developments

The global nematicides market size is estimated to account for a value of USD 1.3 billion in 2020 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 3.4% from 2020, to reach a value of USD 1.6 billion by 2025. The growing demand for high-value crops alongside the increasing infestation of nematodes on crops are some of the factors driving the growth in the market.

Driver: Strong demand for high-value crops

High-value agricultural products are generally defined as agricultural products with a high economic value per kilogram (or pound), per hectare, or per calorie, which includes fruits, vegetables, meat, eggs, milk, and fishes. The key factors driving the demand for high-value crops (fruits, vegetables, and plantation crops) are the rise in the income of consumers, rapid urbanization, and the increase in awareness about health benefits associated with fruits & vegetables. Besides, an increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) has led to a surge in the production of high-value crops. The demand for nematodes is mostly found in high-value crops, such as pome fruits, grapes, cotton, tomato, maize, cotton, and other vegetable and ornamental crops, as they improve the crop quality and yield.

Download PDF Brochure:
https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/pdfdownloadNew.asp?id=193252005

Challenge: Lack of awareness and low utilization of biologicals

Awareness about biologicals, such as bionematicides among farmers, is very low. Farmers are not aware of the method of use and the cost-effective benefits of these crop protection products. In developing countries, they are not aware of integrated pest management (IPM) solutions. As the market is highly fragmented at the regional level, awareness regarding various brands is low. Despite considerable efforts by agronomists, agricultural universities, companies, and governments across the globe in recent years, the majority of the farmers are unaware of biological products and their benefits in increasing cost-yield sustainability.

By type, bionematicides are projected to be the fastest-growing segment in the nematicides market during the forecast period

With the increasing awareness among consumers about the importance of organic foods, the adoption of sustainable agriculture and integrated pest management solutions has increased. This has led to the demand for biocontrol products such as pheromones, biofungicides, biopesticides, and bionematicides. A number of major players in the market such as Marrone Bio Innovations (US) and Valent BioSciences (US) are introducing bionematicide solutions for seed treatment. These factors have paved the way for the high growth rate in the bionematicides market.

Asia Pacific is projected to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period

The market for nematicides is projected to grow at the highest CAGR in the Asia Pacific region owing to the growing nematode infestation in vegetables such as tomatoes, potatoes, carrots, peas, and cauliflower in the major vegetable-growing countries such as China and India. The regulatory scenario in the Asia Pacific region is comparatively more favorable for the launch of nematicides as compared to that of Europe and North America. There is also growing awareness among farmers about the use of bionematicides since the market for organic farming, and sustainable agriculture is growing with more consumers demanding organic fruits & vegetables.

Request for Customization: 
https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/requestCustomizationNew.asp?id=193252005

This report includes a study on the marketing and development strategies, along with a study on the product portfolios of the leading companies operating in the nematicides market. It consists of the profiles of leading companies such as Bayer AG (Germany), Syngenta Crop Protection AG (Switzerland), Corteva Agriscience (US), BASF SE (Germany), Adama Agricultural Solutions Ltd (Israel), FMC Corporation (US), Nufarm (Australia), UPL Limited (India), Isagro Group (Italy), Valent USA (US), Chr. Hansen (Denmark), Certis USA LLC (US), Marrone Bio Innovations (US), American Vanguard Corporation (US), Crop IQ Technology (UK), Real IPM Kenya (Kenya), Horizon Group (India), Agri Life (India), and T. Stanes & Company Limited (India).

Recent Developments:

• In August 2018, BASF SE acquired a wide range of businesses and assets from Bayer CropScience (Germany). This acquisition would complement crop protection, biotech, and digital farming activities. This acquisition also allowed the company to enter the non-selective herbicide and nematicide seed treatment markets.
• In October 2018, Corteva Agriscience launched Reklemel, a novel sulfonamide nematicide, which has a unique mode of action against plant-parasitic nematodes. This product is set to be launched by 2021 across North America and Asia Pacific.
• In August 2017, Syngenta Crop Protection AG launched Clariva, the only available biological seed treatment, which controls nematodes on contact in Brazil.